3G Wireless Networks

Table 14-2 is a brief summary of the major items that need to be checked prior to or during the commissioning of a communication site. The check list that follows is generic and should be tailored for your particular application, ... [full story]

Isolation is used to describe the amount of attenuation needed between the source, transmitter, and the victim or receiver. All wireless communication systems require some level of isolation between their own transmitters and other transmitters, and their receivers at the ... [full story]

1. Determine if there are any co-located transmitters at this facility. 2. Collect information on each of the following transmitters: ■ Antenna types ■ Emission type ■ Transmit power ■ Location of antennas ■ Operator of equipment ■ FCC license ... [full story]

Intermodulation is the mixing of two or more signals that produce a third or fourth frequency that is undesired. All radio communication sites produce intermodulation no matter how good the design is. However, the fact that there are intermodulation products ... [full story]

Wireless systems have numerous applications for in-building applications. The applications include improving coverage for a convention center or large client, disaster recovery, or a wireless PBX to mention a few.With the advent of better transport for data services, the possibility ... [full story]

There are numerous types of towers that can and do exist in a wireless network. However, there are three basic types of towers that are more common: self-supporting, guy wire, and monopole. The general configuration for each of the towers ... [full story]

For many building installations it may not be possible to install the antennas above the penthouse or other structures for the building. Often it is necessary to install the antennas onto the penthouse or water tank of an existing building. ... [full story]

When installing antennas on an existing roof or penthouse, consideration must be taken into account on how high the antenna must be with respect to the roof surface. Obviously the ideal location is to place the antenna right at the ... [full story]

The diversity spacing for the receive antennas need to ensure that the proper fade margin protection is designed into the system. Diversity spacing is meant to achieve some de-correlation between the mobile received signal. There have been numerous studies conducted ... [full story]

Obviously the mounting of the antennas needs to be taken with extreme care. The following is a brief checklist to ensure for antenna mounting concerns to be checked prior to acceptance of a cell site: 1. What are the number ... [full story]

Some of the physical installation issues that need to be factored into the design involve cable runs from the antenna system, each leg, to the base station equipment. Although this may seem an obvious point, often there are situations where ... [full story]

The use of pico-cell sites by wireless operators is driven by the desire to provide very targeted coverage and capacity to a given area or application. The pico-cell has a very small service area where several pico-cells in concept can ... [full story]

Micro-cells are prevalent in wireless mobility systems as the operators strive to reduce the geographic area each cell site covers thus facilitating more reuse in the network. Micro-cells are also deployed to provide coverage in buildings, subway systems, tunnels, and ... [full story]

The directional cell-site utilizing three sectors is one of the most popular cell site configurations utilized in the wireless industry, next to the omnicell. The three-sector cell is one that has sectors that cover 120 degrees each, thus having three ... [full story]

The omni-directional cell site is used typically in a low capacity area of the network where the system is noise limited and not interference limited.The omni-cell is typically used to cover uniformly in all directions, 360 degrees. Under ideal conditions, ... [full story]

A macro-cell site is what most people have come to know or expect to see for a communication site for all forms of mobile communication systems.With the advent of personal communications services (PCS), the need for macrocells was initially portrayed ... [full story]

There are numerous types of communication sites that comprise the 1G, 2G, 2.5G, and future 3G configurations associated with wireless mobility systems. There are also a plethora of other communication sites that the design engineer also may encounter in the ... [full story]

The communication site, usually referred to as the base station, is a critical component in any wireless system. A communication site is a physical location where there is radio equipment that is intended for either receiving, transmitting, or both. With ... [full story]

Migrating from a 1X to a 3X CDMA2000 system is being advertised to be relatively transparent from a radio aspect, provided you have three contiguous 1X channels or you have cleared the spectrum for the new 3X channel. But in ... [full story]

An all-too-common situation for wireless operators is addressing the issue of how to integrate CDMA2000 into their network. Many operators have devised their own method for implementing CDMA2000 into an existing IS-95 network. However, not all the operators have implemented ... [full story]

The following is a brief design example that is relevant for a new CDMA2000-1X system being deployed as a green field situation.The design example focuses on the issues that are more relevant to the internal network and does not factor ... [full story]

Over the new few pages, three basic designs will be covered. The designs will be rudimentary in nature because the concept of what has to be done needs to be done is stressed, not a particular design for a particular ... [full story]

The link budget process, as defined in previous sections of this book, is essential for the establishment of a valid RF design to take place. The link budget helps define the cell-size spacing. The cell-site spacing is determined by the ... [full story]

The assignment of the PN offset for each CDMA2000 channel and/or sector utilizes the same rules that were and are used for IS-95 systems. In CDMA2000, just as with IS-95 systems, the forward pilot channel carries no data but it ... [full story]

Soft handoffs are an integral part of CDMA. The determination of which pilots will be used in the soft handoff process has a direct impact on the quality of the voice call or packet-data session as well as the capacity ... [full story]

There are several search windows in CDMA2000 and they are the same as those used for IS-95 facilitating integration and compatibility. As with IS-95 systems, each of the search windows has its own role in the process, and it is ... [full story]

CDMA2000 systems utilize several types of handoffs for both voice and packet data. The types of handoffs involve soft, softer, and hard. The difference between the types is dependent upon what is trying to be accomplished. The process for having ... [full story]

The next part of the puzzle when performing the design aspect is to review the relationship between the data rates and the other components that are affected by the choice of data and its requite speed selected. The asterisk refers ... [full story]

Reiterating the utilization of Walsh codes has a direct impact upon the radio networks ability to carry and transport the various services.With the introduction of CDMA2000, there are several alterations to the use of Walsh codes that were previously discussed, ... [full story]

The capacity for a CDMA2000 cell site is determined through the interaction of several parameters and is driven by the radio access portion of the system, provided the fixed network has the requite number of modules for each platform. The ... [full story]

The issue of IP addressing is important to a CDMA2000 system design. The introduction of simple IP and mobile IP with and without Virtual Private Network (VPN) requires the use of multiple IP addresses for successful transport of the packet ... [full story]

The issue of IP addressing is important to a CDMA2000 system design. The introduction of simple IP and mobile IP with and without Virtual Private Network (VPN) requires the use of multiple IP addresses for successful transport of the packet ... [full story]